This is m4.info, produced by makeinfo version 6.7 from m4.texi.
This manual (28 May 2021) is for GNU M4 (version 1.4.19), a package
containing an implementation of the m4 macro language.
Copyright © 1989–1994, 2004–2014, 2016–2017, 2020–2021 Free Software
Foundation, Inc.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License,
Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software
Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and
no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the
section entitled “GNU Free Documentation License.”
INFO-DIR-SECTION Text creation and manipulation
START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
* M4: (m4). A powerful macro processor.
END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
File: m4.info, Node: Copying This Manual, Next: Indices, Prev: Copying This Package, Up: Top
Appendix B How to make copies of this manual
********************************************
This appendix covers the license for copying this manual. Note that
some of the longer examples in this manual are also distributed in the
directory ‘m4-1.4.19/examples/’, where a more permissive license is in
effect when copying just the examples.
* Menu:
* GNU Free Documentation License:: License for copying this manual
File: m4.info, Node: GNU Free Documentation License, Up: Copying This Manual
B.1 License for copying this manual
===================================
Version 1.3, 3 November 2008
Copyright © 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
0. PREAMBLE
The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other
functional and useful document “free” in the sense of freedom: to
assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it,
with or without modifying it, either commercially or
noncommercially. Secondarily, this License preserves for the
author and publisher a way to get credit for their work, while not
being considered responsible for modifications made by others.
This License is a kind of “copyleft”, which means that derivative
works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense.
It complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft
license designed for free software.
We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for
free software, because free software needs free documentation: a
free program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms
that the software does. But this License is not limited to
software manuals; it can be used for any textual work, regardless
of subject matter or whether it is published as a printed book. We
recommend this License principally for works whose purpose is
instruction or reference.
1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS
This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium,
that contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can
be distributed under the terms of this License. Such a notice
grants a world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration,
to use that work under the conditions stated herein. The
“Document”, below, refers to any such manual or work. Any member
of the public is a licensee, and is addressed as “you”. You accept
the license if you copy, modify or distribute the work in a way
requiring permission under copyright law.
A “Modified Version” of the Document means any work containing the
Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with
modifications and/or translated into another language.
A “Secondary Section” is a named appendix or a front-matter section
of the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the
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subject (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could
fall directly within that overall subject. (Thus, if the Document
is in part a textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not
explain any mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of
historical connection with the subject or with related matters, or
of legal, commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position
regarding them.
The “Invariant Sections” are certain Secondary Sections whose
titles are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the
notice that says that the Document is released under this License.
If a section does not fit the above definition of Secondary then it
is not allowed to be designated as Invariant. The Document may
contain zero Invariant Sections. If the Document does not identify
any Invariant Sections then there are none.
The “Cover Texts” are certain short passages of text that are
listed, as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice
that says that the Document is released under this License. A
Front-Cover Text may be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may
be at most 25 words.
A “Transparent” copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy,
represented in a format whose specification is available to the
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Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain
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Examples of transparent image formats include PNG, XCF and JPG.
Opaque formats include proprietary formats that can be read and
edited only by proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which
the DTD and/or processing tools are not generally available, and
the machine-generated HTML, PostScript or PDF produced by some word
processors for output purposes only.
The “Title Page” means, for a printed book, the title page itself,
plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the
material this License requires to appear in the title page. For
works in formats which do not have any title page as such, “Title
Page” means the text near the most prominent appearance of the
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The “publisher” means any person or entity that distributes copies
of the Document to the public.
A section “Entitled XYZ” means a named subunit of the Document
whose title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses
following text that translates XYZ in another language. (Here XYZ
stands for a specific section name mentioned below, such as
“Acknowledgements”, “Dedications”, “Endorsements”, or “History”.)
To “Preserve the Title” of such a section when you modify the
Document means that it remains a section “Entitled XYZ” according
to this definition.
The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice
which states that this License applies to the Document. These
Warranty Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in
this License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other
implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and
has no effect on the meaning of this License.
2. VERBATIM COPYING
You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either
commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the
copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License
applies to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you
add no other conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You
may not use technical measures to obstruct or control the reading
or further copying of the copies you make or distribute. However,
you may accept compensation in exchange for copies. If you
distribute a large enough number of copies you must also follow the
conditions in section 3.
You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above,
and you may publicly display copies.
3. COPYING IN QUANTITY
If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly
have printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and
the Document’s license notice requires Cover Texts, you must
enclose the copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all
these Cover Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and
Back-Cover Texts on the back cover. Both covers must also clearly
and legibly identify you as the publisher of these copies. The
front cover must present the full title with all words of the title
equally prominent and visible. You may add other material on the
covers in addition. Copying with changes limited to the covers, as
long as they preserve the title of the Document and satisfy these
conditions, can be treated as verbatim copying in other respects.
If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit
legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit
reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto
adjacent pages.
If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document
numbering more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable
Transparent copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with
each Opaque copy a computer-network location from which the general
network-using public has access to download using public-standard
network protocols a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free
of added material. If you use the latter option, you must take
reasonably prudent steps, when you begin distribution of Opaque
copies in quantity, to ensure that this Transparent copy will
remain thus accessible at the stated location until at least one
year after the last time you distribute an Opaque copy (directly or
through your agents or retailers) of that edition to the public.
It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of
the Document well before redistributing any large number of copies,
to give them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the
Document.
4. MODIFICATIONS
You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document
under the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you
release the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the
Modified Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing
distribution and modification of the Modified Version to whoever
possesses a copy of it. In addition, you must do these things in
the Modified Version:
A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title
distinct from that of the Document, and from those of previous
versions (which should, if there were any, be listed in the
History section of the Document). You may use the same title
as a previous version if the original publisher of that
version gives permission.
B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or
entities responsible for authorship of the modifications in
the Modified Version, together with at least five of the
principal authors of the Document (all of its principal
authors, if it has fewer than five), unless they release you
from this requirement.
C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the
Modified Version, as the publisher.
D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.
E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications
adjacent to the other copyright notices.
F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license
notice giving the public permission to use the Modified
Version under the terms of this License, in the form shown in
the Addendum below.
G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant
Sections and required Cover Texts given in the Document’s
license notice.
H. Include an unaltered copy of this License.
I. Preserve the section Entitled “History”, Preserve its Title,
and add to it an item stating at least the title, year, new
authors, and publisher of the Modified Version as given on the
Title Page. If there is no section Entitled “History” in the
Document, create one stating the title, year, authors, and
publisher of the Document as given on its Title Page, then add
an item describing the Modified Version as stated in the
previous sentence.
J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document
for public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and
likewise the network locations given in the Document for
previous versions it was based on. These may be placed in the
“History” section. You may omit a network location for a work
that was published at least four years before the Document
itself, or if the original publisher of the version it refers
to gives permission.
K. For any section Entitled “Acknowledgements” or “Dedications”,
Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the section
all the substance and tone of each of the contributor
acknowledgements and/or dedications given therein.
L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, unaltered
in their text and in their titles. Section numbers or the
equivalent are not considered part of the section titles.
M. Delete any section Entitled “Endorsements”. Such a section
may not be included in the Modified Version.
N. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled
“Endorsements” or to conflict in title with any Invariant
Section.
O. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.
If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or
appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no
material copied from the Document, you may at your option designate
some or all of these sections as invariant. To do this, add their
titles to the list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version’s
license notice. These titles must be distinct from any other
section titles.
You may add a section Entitled “Endorsements”, provided it contains
nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various
parties—for example, statements of peer review or that the text has
been approved by an organization as the authoritative definition of
a standard.
You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text,
and a passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of
the list of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one passage
of Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or
through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the Document
already includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added
by you or by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on
behalf of, you may not add another; but you may replace the old
one, on explicit permission from the previous publisher that added
the old one.
The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this
License give permission to use their names for publicity for or to
assert or imply endorsement of any Modified Version.
5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS
You may combine the Document with other documents released under
this License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for
modified versions, provided that you include in the combination all
of the Invariant Sections of all of the original documents,
unmodified, and list them all as Invariant Sections of your
combined work in its license notice, and that you preserve all
their Warranty Disclaimers.
The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and
multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single
copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name
but different contents, make the title of each such section unique
by adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the
original author or publisher of that section if known, or else a
unique number. Make the same adjustment to the section titles in
the list of Invariant Sections in the license notice of the
combined work.
In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled
“History” in the various original documents, forming one section
Entitled “History”; likewise combine any sections Entitled
“Acknowledgements”, and any sections Entitled “Dedications”. You
must delete all sections Entitled “Endorsements.”
6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS
You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other
documents released under this License, and replace the individual
copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy
that is included in the collection, provided that you follow the
rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of the documents
in all other respects.
You may extract a single document from such a collection, and
distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert
a copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow this
License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of that
document.
7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS
A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other
separate and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a
storage or distribution medium, is called an “aggregate” if the
copyright resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the
legal rights of the compilation’s users beyond what the individual
works permit. When the Document is included in an aggregate, this
License does not apply to the other works in the aggregate which
are not themselves derivative works of the Document.
If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these
copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half
of the entire aggregate, the Document’s Cover Texts may be placed
on covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the
electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic
form. Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket
the whole aggregate.
8. TRANSLATION
Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may
distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section
4. Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special
permission from their copyright holders, but you may include
translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the
original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a
translation of this License, and all the license notices in the
Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also
include the original English version of this License and the
original versions of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a
disagreement between the translation and the original version of
this License or a notice or disclaimer, the original version will
prevail.
If a section in the Document is Entitled “Acknowledgements”,
“Dedications”, or “History”, the requirement (section 4) to
Preserve its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the
actual title.
9. TERMINATION
You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document
except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt
otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute it is void,
and will automatically terminate your rights under this License.
However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your
license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a)
provisionally, unless and until the copyright holder explicitly and
finally terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the
copyright holder fails to notify you of the violation by some
reasonable means prior to 60 days after the cessation.
Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is
reinstated permanently if the copyright holder notifies you of the
violation by some reasonable means, this is the first time you have
received notice of violation of this License (for any work) from
that copyright holder, and you cure the violation prior to 30 days
after your receipt of the notice.
Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate
the licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from you
under this License. If your rights have been terminated and not
permanently reinstated, receipt of a copy of some or all of the
same material does not give you any rights to use it.
10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE
The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of
the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new
versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may
differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See
.
Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version
number. If the Document specifies that a particular numbered
version of this License “or any later version” applies to it, you
have the option of following the terms and conditions either of
that specified version or of any later version that has been
published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If the
Document does not specify a version number of this License, you may
choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the Free
Software Foundation. If the Document specifies that a proxy can
decide which future versions of this License can be used, that
proxy’s public statement of acceptance of a version permanently
authorizes you to choose that version for the Document.
11. RELICENSING
“Massive Multiauthor Collaboration Site” (or “MMC Site”) means any
World Wide Web server that publishes copyrightable works and also
provides prominent facilities for anybody to edit those works. A
public wiki that anybody can edit is an example of such a server.
A “Massive Multiauthor Collaboration” (or “MMC”) contained in the
site means any set of copyrightable works thus published on the MMC
site.
“CC-BY-SA” means the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0
license published by Creative Commons Corporation, a not-for-profit
corporation with a principal place of business in San Francisco,
California, as well as future copyleft versions of that license
published by that same organization.
“Incorporate” means to publish or republish a Document, in whole or
in part, as part of another Document.
An MMC is “eligible for relicensing” if it is licensed under this
License, and if all works that were first published under this
License somewhere other than this MMC, and subsequently
incorporated in whole or in part into the MMC, (1) had no cover
texts or invariant sections, and (2) were thus incorporated prior
to November 1, 2008.
The operator of an MMC Site may republish an MMC contained in the
site under CC-BY-SA on the same site at any time before August 1,
2009, provided the MMC is eligible for relicensing.
ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents
====================================================
To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of
the License in the document and put the following copyright and license
notices just after the title page:
Copyright (C) YEAR YOUR NAME.
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3
or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover
Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU
Free Documentation License''.
If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover
Texts, replace the “with...Texts.” line with this:
with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with
the Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts
being LIST.
If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other
combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the
situation.
If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we
recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of free
software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to permit
their use in free software.
File: m4.info, Node: Indices, Prev: Copying This Manual, Up: Top
Appendix C Indices of concepts and macros
*****************************************
* Menu:
* Macro index:: Index for all ‘m4’ macros
* Concept index:: Index for many concepts
File: m4.info, Node: Macro index, Next: Concept index, Up: Indices
C.1 Index for all ‘m4’ macros
=============================
This index covers all ‘m4’ builtins, as well as several useful composite
macros. References are exclusively to the places where a macro is
introduced the first time.
[index ]
* Menu:
* __file__: Location. (line 9)
* __gnu__: Platform macros. (line 11)
* __line__: Location. (line 10)
* __os2__: Platform macros. (line 12)
* __program__: Location. (line 11)
* __unix__: Platform macros. (line 14)
* __windows__: Platform macros. (line 16)
* argn: Shift. (line 256)
* array: Define. (line 55)
* array_set: Define. (line 56)
* builtin: Builtin. (line 8)
* capitalize: Patsubst. (line 54)
* changecom: Changecom. (line 9)
* changequote: Changequote. (line 9)
* changeword: Changeword. (line 22)
* cleardivert: Cleardivert. (line 25)
* cond: Shift. (line 51)
* copy: Composition. (line 119)
* curry: Composition. (line 67)
* debugfile: Debug Output. (line 10)
* debugmode: Debug Levels. (line 77)
* decr: Incr. (line 10)
* define: Define. (line 9)
* define_blind: Composition. (line 10)
* defn: Defn. (line 9)
* divert: Divert. (line 8)
* divnum: Divnum. (line 8)
* dnl: Dnl. (line 8)
* downcase: Patsubst. (line 53)
* dquote: Shift. (line 194)
* dquote_elt: Shift. (line 195)
* dumpdef: Dumpdef. (line 9)
* errprint: Errprint. (line 8)
* esyscmd: Esyscmd. (line 8)
* eval: Eval. (line 8)
* example: Manual. (line 39)
* exch: Arguments. (line 12)
* fatal_error: M4exit. (line 24)
* foreach: Foreach. (line 8)
* foreachq: Foreach. (line 9)
* forloop: Forloop. (line 8)
* format: Format. (line 8)
* ifdef: Ifdef. (line 9)
* ifelse: Ifelse. (line 10)
* ifelse <1>: Ifelse. (line 11)
* ifelse <2>: Ifelse. (line 12)
* include: Include. (line 8)
* incr: Incr. (line 9)
* index: Index macro. (line 8)
* indir: Indir. (line 8)
* join: Shift. (line 102)
* joinall: Shift. (line 103)
* len: Len. (line 8)
* m4exit: M4exit. (line 9)
* m4wrap: M4wrap. (line 13)
* maketemp: Mkstemp. (line 11)
* mkstemp: Mkstemp. (line 10)
* nargs: Pseudo Arguments. (line 12)
* os2: Platform macros. (line 13)
* patsubst: Patsubst. (line 8)
* popdef: Pushdef. (line 11)
* pushdef: Pushdef. (line 10)
* quote: Shift. (line 193)
* regexp: Regexp. (line 8)
* rename: Composition. (line 120)
* reverse: Shift. (line 31)
* shift: Shift. (line 16)
* sinclude: Include. (line 9)
* stack_foreach: Stacks. (line 11)
* stack_foreach_lifo: Stacks. (line 12)
* stack_foreach_sep: Improved copy. (line 15)
* stack_foreach_sep_lifo: Improved copy. (line 16)
* substr: Substr. (line 8)
* syscmd: Syscmd. (line 8)
* sysval: Sysval. (line 8)
* traceoff: Trace. (line 10)
* traceon: Trace. (line 9)
* translit: Translit. (line 8)
* undefine: Undefine. (line 8)
* undivert: Undivert. (line 8)
* unix: Platform macros. (line 15)
* upcase: Patsubst. (line 52)
* windows: Platform macros. (line 17)
File: m4.info, Node: Concept index, Prev: Macro index, Up: Indices
C.2 Index for many concepts
===========================
[index ]
* Menu:
* argument currying: Composition. (line 63)
* arguments to macros: Macro Arguments. (line 6)
* arguments to macros <1>: Arguments. (line 6)
* arguments to macros, special: Pseudo Arguments. (line 6)
* arguments, joining: Shift. (line 99)
* arguments, more than nine: Arguments. (line 54)
* arguments, more than nine <1>: Shift. (line 251)
* arguments, more than nine <2>: Improved foreach. (line 157)
* arguments, quoted macro: Quoting Arguments. (line 6)
* arguments, reversing: Shift. (line 31)
* arithmetic: Arithmetic. (line 6)
* arrays: Define. (line 52)
* avoiding quadratic behavior: Improved foreach. (line 38)
* basic regular expressions: Regexp. (line 6)
* basic regular expressions <1>: Patsubst. (line 6)
* blind macro: Inhibiting Invocation.
(line 13)
* blind macro <1>: Ifelse. (line 52)
* blind macro <2>: Composition. (line 10)
* bug reports: Bugs. (line 6)
* builtins, indirect call of: Builtin. (line 6)
* builtins, special tokens: Defn. (line 101)
* call of builtins, indirect: Builtin. (line 6)
* call of macros, indirect: Indir. (line 6)
* case statement: Ifelse. (line 69)
* changing comment delimiters: Changecom. (line 6)
* changing quote delimiters: Changequote. (line 6)
* changing syntax: Changeword. (line 6)
* characters, translating: Translit. (line 6)
* command line: Invoking m4. (line 6)
* command line, file names on the: Command line files. (line 6)
* command line, macro definitions on the: Preprocessor features.
(line 6)
* command line, options: Invoking m4. (line 10)
* commands, exit status from shell: Sysval. (line 6)
* commands, running shell: Shell commands. (line 6)
* comment delimiters, changing: Changecom. (line 6)
* comments: Comments. (line 6)
* comments, copied to output: Changecom. (line 29)
* comparing strings: Ifelse. (line 6)
* compatibility: Compatibility. (line 6)
* composing macros: Composition. (line 6)
* concatenating arguments: Shift. (line 99)
* conditional, short-circuiting: Shift. (line 51)
* conditionals: Ifdef. (line 6)
* controlling debugging output: Debug Levels. (line 6)
* copying macros: Composition. (line 116)
* counting loops: Forloop. (line 6)
* currying arguments: Composition. (line 63)
* debugging macros: Debugging. (line 6)
* debugging output, controlling: Debug Levels. (line 6)
* debugging output, saving: Debug Output. (line 6)
* decrement operator: Incr. (line 6)
* deferring expansion: M4wrap. (line 6)
* deferring output: Diversions. (line 6)
* defining new macros: Definitions. (line 6)
* definition stack: Pushdef. (line 6)
* definition stack <1>: Stacks. (line 6)
* definitions, displaying macro: Defn. (line 6)
* definitions, displaying macro <1>: Dumpdef. (line 6)
* deleting macros: Undefine. (line 6)
* deleting whitespace in input: Dnl. (line 6)
* delimiters, changing: Changequote. (line 6)
* delimiters, changing <1>: Changecom. (line 6)
* discarding diverted text: Cleardivert. (line 6)
* discarding input: Ifelse. (line 6)
* discarding input <1>: Dnl. (line 6)
* discarding input <2>: Divert. (line 42)
* displaying macro definitions: Dumpdef. (line 6)
* diversion numbers: Divnum. (line 6)
* diverted text, discarding: Cleardivert. (line 6)
* diverting output to files: Divert. (line 6)
* dumping into frozen file: Using frozen files. (line 6)
* error messages, printing: Errprint. (line 6)
* errors, fatal: Operation modes. (line 19)
* evaluation, of integer expressions: Eval. (line 6)
* examples, understanding: Manual. (line 6)
* executing shell commands: Shell commands. (line 6)
* exit status from shell commands: Sysval. (line 6)
* exiting from m4: M4exit. (line 6)
* expansion of macros: Macro expansion. (line 6)
* expansion, deferring: M4wrap. (line 6)
* expansion, tracing macro: Trace. (line 6)
* expressions, evaluation of integer: Eval. (line 6)
* expressions, regular: Regexp. (line 6)
* expressions, regular <1>: Patsubst. (line 6)
* extracting substrings: Substr. (line 6)
* fast loading of frozen files: Using frozen files. (line 6)
* fatal errors: Operation modes. (line 19)
* FDL, GNU Free Documentation License: GNU Free Documentation License.
(line 6)
* file format, frozen file: Frozen file format. (line 6)
* file inclusion: File Inclusion. (line 6)
* file inclusion <1>: Undivert. (line 13)
* file inclusion <2>: Undivert. (line 89)
* file names, on the command line: Command line files. (line 6)
* files, diverting output to: Divert. (line 6)
* files, names of temporary: Mkstemp. (line 6)
* for each loops: Foreach. (line 6)
* for loops: Forloop. (line 6)
* formatted output: Format. (line 6)
* Free Documentation License (FDL), GNU: GNU Free Documentation License.
(line 6)
* frozen file format: Frozen file format. (line 6)
* frozen files for fast loading: Using frozen files. (line 6)
* General Public License (GPL), GNU: GNU General Public License.
(line 6)
* GNU extensions: Inhibiting Invocation.
(line 13)
* GNU extensions <1>: Define. (line 41)
* GNU extensions <2>: Arguments. (line 54)
* GNU extensions <3>: Indir. (line 6)
* GNU extensions <4>: Builtin. (line 6)
* GNU extensions <5>: Debug Levels. (line 74)
* GNU extensions <6>: Debug Output. (line 6)
* GNU extensions <7>: Search Path. (line 6)
* GNU extensions <8>: Divert. (line 54)
* GNU extensions <9>: Undivert. (line 13)
* GNU extensions <10>: Undivert. (line 89)
* GNU extensions <11>: Regexp. (line 6)
* GNU extensions <12>: Patsubst. (line 6)
* GNU extensions <13>: Format. (line 6)
* GNU extensions <14>: Eval. (line 113)
* GNU extensions <15>: Esyscmd. (line 6)
* GNU extensions <16>: Mkstemp. (line 58)
* GNU extensions <17>: Using frozen files. (line 6)
* GNU extensions <18>: Extensions. (line 6)
* GNU Free Documentation License: GNU Free Documentation License.
(line 6)
* GNU General Public License: GNU General Public License.
(line 6)
* GNU M4, history of: History. (line 6)
* GPL, GNU General Public License: GNU General Public License.
(line 6)
* history of m4: History. (line 6)
* included files, search path for: Search Path. (line 6)
* inclusion, of files: File Inclusion. (line 6)
* inclusion, of files <1>: Undivert. (line 13)
* inclusion, of files <2>: Undivert. (line 89)
* increment operator: Incr. (line 6)
* indirect call of builtins: Builtin. (line 6)
* indirect call of macros: Indir. (line 6)
* initialization, frozen state: Using frozen files. (line 6)
* input location: Preprocessor features.
(line 28)
* input location <1>: Location. (line 6)
* input tokens: Syntax. (line 6)
* input, discarding: Ifelse. (line 6)
* input, discarding <1>: Dnl. (line 6)
* input, discarding <2>: Divert. (line 42)
* input, saving: M4wrap. (line 6)
* integer arithmetic: Arithmetic. (line 6)
* integer expression evaluation: Eval. (line 6)
* invoking m4: Invoking m4. (line 6)
* invoking macros: Invocation. (line 6)
* iterating over lists: Foreach. (line 6)
* joining arguments: Shift. (line 99)
* length of strings: Len. (line 6)
* lexical structure of words: Changeword. (line 6)
* License, code: Copying This Package.
(line 6)
* License, manual: Copying This Manual. (line 6)
* limit, nesting: Limits control. (line 43)
* literal output: Pseudo Arguments. (line 106)
* local variables: Pushdef. (line 79)
* location, input: Preprocessor features.
(line 28)
* location, input <1>: Location. (line 6)
* loops: Shift. (line 10)
* loops, counting: Forloop. (line 6)
* loops, list iteration: Foreach. (line 6)
* M4PATH: Search Path. (line 9)
* macro composition: Composition. (line 6)
* macro definitions, on the command line: Preprocessor features.
(line 6)
* macro expansion, tracing: Trace. (line 6)
* macro invocation: Invocation. (line 6)
* macro, blind: Inhibiting Invocation.
(line 13)
* macro, blind <1>: Ifelse. (line 52)
* macro, blind <2>: Composition. (line 10)
* macros, arguments to: Macro Arguments. (line 6)
* macros, arguments to <1>: Arguments. (line 6)
* macros, copying: Composition. (line 116)
* macros, debugging: Debugging. (line 6)
* macros, displaying definitions: Defn. (line 6)
* macros, displaying definitions <1>: Dumpdef. (line 6)
* macros, expansion of: Macro expansion. (line 6)
* macros, how to define new: Definitions. (line 6)
* macros, how to delete: Undefine. (line 6)
* macros, how to rename: Defn. (line 6)
* macros, indirect call of: Indir. (line 6)
* macros, quoted arguments to: Quoting Arguments. (line 6)
* macros, recursive: Shift. (line 6)
* macros, special arguments to: Pseudo Arguments. (line 6)
* macros, temporary redefinition of: Pushdef. (line 6)
* manipulating quotes: Shift. (line 190)
* messages, printing error: Errprint. (line 6)
* more than nine arguments: Arguments. (line 54)
* more than nine arguments <1>: Shift. (line 251)
* more than nine arguments <2>: Improved foreach. (line 157)
* multibranches: Ifelse. (line 69)
* names: Names. (line 6)
* nesting limit: Limits control. (line 43)
* nine arguments, more than: Arguments. (line 54)
* nine arguments, more than <1>: Shift. (line 251)
* nine arguments, more than <2>: Improved foreach. (line 157)
* numbers: Manual. (line 57)
* options, command line: Invoking m4. (line 10)
* output, diverting to files: Divert. (line 6)
* output, formatted: Format. (line 6)
* output, literal: Pseudo Arguments. (line 106)
* output, saving debugging: Debug Output. (line 6)
* overview of m4: Intro. (line 6)
* pattern substitution: Patsubst. (line 6)
* platform macros: Platform macros. (line 6)
* positional parameters, more than nine: Arguments. (line 54)
* POSIX: Extensions. (line 6)
* POSIXLY_CORRECT: Invoking m4. (line 10)
* POSIXLY_CORRECT <1>: Incompatibilities. (line 144)
* preprocessor features: Preprocessor features.
(line 6)
* printing error messages: Errprint. (line 6)
* pushdef stack: Pushdef. (line 6)
* pushdef stack <1>: Stacks. (line 6)
* quadratic behavior, avoiding: Improved foreach. (line 38)
* quote delimiters, changing: Changequote. (line 6)
* quote manipulation: Shift. (line 190)
* quoted macro arguments: Quoting Arguments. (line 6)
* quoted string: Quoted strings. (line 6)
* quoting rule of thumb: Quoting Arguments. (line 22)
* recursive macros: Shift. (line 6)
* redefinition of macros, temporary: Pushdef. (line 6)
* regular expressions: Changeword. (line 6)
* regular expressions <1>: Regexp. (line 6)
* regular expressions <2>: Patsubst. (line 6)
* reloading a frozen file: Using frozen files. (line 6)
* renaming macros: Defn. (line 6)
* renaming macros <1>: Composition. (line 116)
* reporting bugs: Bugs. (line 6)
* rescanning: Limits control. (line 56)
* rescanning <1>: Inhibiting Invocation.
(line 86)
* rescanning <2>: Pseudo Arguments. (line 106)
* rescanning <3>: Defn. (line 61)
* rescanning <4>: Other Incompatibilities.
(line 52)
* reversing arguments: Shift. (line 31)
* rule of thumb, quoting: Quoting Arguments. (line 22)
* running shell commands: Shell commands. (line 6)
* saving debugging output: Debug Output. (line 6)
* saving input: M4wrap. (line 6)
* search path for included files: Search Path. (line 6)
* shell commands, exit status from: Sysval. (line 6)
* shell commands, running: Shell commands. (line 6)
* short-circuiting conditional: Shift. (line 51)
* special arguments to macros: Pseudo Arguments. (line 6)
* stack, macro definition: Pushdef. (line 6)
* stack, macro definition <1>: Stacks. (line 6)
* standard error, output to: Dumpdef. (line 6)
* standard error, output to <1>: Trace. (line 6)
* standard error, output to <2>: Errprint. (line 6)
* status of shell commands: Sysval. (line 6)
* status, setting m4 exit: M4exit. (line 6)
* string, quoted: Quoted strings. (line 6)
* strings, length of: Len. (line 6)
* substitution by regular expression: Patsubst. (line 6)
* substrings, extracting: Substr. (line 6)
* substrings, locating: Index macro. (line 6)
* suggestions, reporting: Bugs. (line 6)
* suppressing warnings: Macro Arguments. (line 38)
* switch statement: Ifelse. (line 69)
* synchronization lines: Preprocessor features.
(line 28)
* syntax, changing: Changeword. (line 6)
* temporary file names: Mkstemp. (line 6)
* temporary redefinition of macros: Pushdef. (line 6)
* TMPDIR: Diversions. (line 10)
* tokens: Syntax. (line 6)
* tokens, builtin macro: Defn. (line 101)
* tokens, special: Other tokens. (line 6)
* tracing macro expansion: Trace. (line 6)
* translating characters: Translit. (line 6)
* undefining macros: Undefine. (line 6)
* UNIX commands, exit status from: Sysval. (line 6)
* UNIX commands, running: Shell commands. (line 6)
* variables, local: Pushdef. (line 79)
* warnings, suppressing: Macro Arguments. (line 38)
* words: Names. (line 6)
* words, lexical structure of: Changeword. (line 6)